7 Temmuz 2013 Pazar

Notes-4

Functions of language:     
   1)Ideational Function
   2)Interpersonal Function
   3)Textual Function

Oral Communication Problems:          
 1)Inhibition(Engelleme,kısıtlama)      2)Nothing to say
 3)Low or uneven participation           4)Use of mother tongue

Controlled Speaking Activities:

1)Interview      2)Picture Activities       3)Exchanging  Information     
 4)Information Gap Activities     5)Problem Solving Act.

Controlled Free Speaking Activities:    
  1)Dialogues        2)Role-play

Free Speaking Activities:    
1)Free Role Play      2)Simulation   3)Discussion      4)Performance Act.   
                                               
 5)Story Telling   6)Oral Reports

Roles of the Teacher in Implementing Activities:

1)Prompter(teşvik eden)     2)Participant        3)Feedback Provider


SOME TYPES OF LEARNING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES,DRILLS,DIALOGUES

Inflection:Bir kelimenin farklı biçimde yer alması  (e.g.I bought a book-I bought books)

Replacement:I visited my grandmother-I visited her.

Substitution:Kelime değiştire değitire farklı bir şey elde etme(Single slot-double slot-multiple slot-bir seferde kaç kelimenin değiştiğiyle ilgili)

  e.g.I made a cake (Mary)-Mary made a cake (buy)-Mary bought a cake

Expansion:Kelime eklenerek cümle büyütülür.

  e.g.Paul eats meat(never)-Paul never eats meat.

Contraction:Daha kısa ifade etme.

e.g. She says that she is hungry-She says it.

Transformation:Bir cümlenin farklı form(olumsuz-soru) ya da tenste söylenmesi

e.g.Julia is sleeping-Julia isn’t sleeping-Julia was sleeping

Integration:İki cümlenin bir cümle olması-Relative clause gibi

Restoration:Cümle yapma

e.g.Martin/wait/you/now-Martin is waiting for you now.

Rejoinder:Uygun şekilde cevap verme(gently/surprised/regretfully gibi kelimelerle cevap yönlendirilir)


TYPES oF LISTENING

a)Discriminative Lis.:Sesleri ve dinleme sırasında karşımıza çıkan vücut dilini ayırt etmeye çalışırız.Elbetteki dinleme öncesinde bunların anlamlarını farkında olmalıyız

b)Comprehension Lis.:Anlamı  anlamaya çalıştığımız basamaktır.Bunun için de kelime ve gramer bilgisi gerekir.

c)Critical Lis.:Anlamın ötesine geçilip değerlendirme yapabileceğimiz ,yorumlayabileceğimiz basamaktır

d)Biased Lis.:Dinleyicinin duymak istediğini duyduğu durumdur.Alışkanlıklar bunda etkendir.Geçmiş alışkanlıklarımız yeni duyduğumuz şeyleri olduğu gibi algılamamızı engeller.(E.g:My grandmother can ride a motorbike  CÜMLESİNİ My grandmother can’t ride a motorbike OLARAK ALGILAYABİLİRİZ)

e)Evaluative Lis:Söylenenlerin yorumunu yapar,iyi mi kötü mü,doğru mu yanlış mı ayrımına gidebiliriz.BU basamak genelde fikir değişikliği yapılmaya çalışıldığında uygundur.Bir tartışma konusunun ya da fikrin zayıf ve güçlü yönlerini ayırt edebiliriz.

Reading Comprehension

Literal Comp.-anlamak hatırlamak için

Inferential Comp.-bilgi aranır

Critical or evaluative comp.-okuduğumuzla kendi bilgi ve değerlerimizle karşılaştırırız

Appreciative-bir duygu ya da değer edinmek için


Notes-3

MORPHEME:Man/house/sheep/-s/-ly/-er   (daha küçük parçaya ayrılamaz.)

a)Free Morpheme:Stay/student/chair/auxiliaries/pronouns/conjunctions/who-which(zamir konumundayken)

 *Content morpheme:Tek başına anlam taşır.Genelde Bir nesneyi,durumu,hareketi veya niteliği ifade eder.

 *Function morpheme:Çoğu birebir anlam taşımaz.Bazılarının hiç anlamı yoktur fakat cümle içi veya cümlelelr arasında dilbilgisel bağlantı taşır.

b)Bound Morpheme:affixes(ekler)

*Inflectional morpheme:çekim ekleri:-er/-ly/-s/go(es)/watch(ed)

*Derivational morpheme:yapım ekleri:-y(discovery)/-ment(payment)/-hood(childhood)/-ful(helpful)

ABBREVIATION:Kısaltma 

   *VAT(Value Added Tax)               *CV(Curriculum Vitae)                      *ref.(referance)

Acronym:Kısaltmaların içerisinde kelime halinde gelmiş ve o şekilde kullanılmaya başlanmış olanlarıdır.

   *CD(Compact Disk)                         *LASER(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

   *RADAR(Radio Detection and Ranging)

BLENDING: Motor/hotel  -----motel

                      Breakfast/lunch-----brunch

CLIPPING:Advertisement-----ad

                   Telephone-------phone

COINAGE:Yeni ya da uyduruk sözcük.Herhangi bir dilbilim kuralına göre oluşmamış olabilir.

                    Google/asprin/escalator/Frisbee/heroin/Kodak

REDUPLICATION:Bizim bildiğimiz anlamda yoktur.Kelimeleri iki kez söyleyerek pekiştirirler.

                   It’s a big,big world.

SUPPLETION:Irregular olma durumu

                  Bad-worse         man-men          ox-oxen        put-put

AMBIGUITY:İki anlamlılık

                        I promise I’ll give you a ring(Telefonla arama ya da yüzük verme anlamında)

………………………………………………………………………….

RHYME    

Half Rhyme:  (imperfect rhyme-near rhyme-pararhyme-slant rhyme):Son ses birbiriyle aynıdır.

e.g.cat-fate/fall-sell/plays-sleeps

Perfect Rhyme:  (full rhyme-exact rhyme-rhyme riche-true rhyme):Sondaki sesli ve sessiz
 okunuşu aynıdır.

e.g.cry-fly/sky-high/Word-bird

Identical Rhyme:Aynı kelimenin farklı mısralarda kullanılması ve bunun bir kafiye oluşturması

e.g. Our world was bound before life

As we live to astound the wife
And we are alive to live this life

Rich Rhyme:Sesteşlerin kafiye oluşturması(homonym)

e.g.red-read(v2)/guessed-guest

Broken Rhyme:Kafiye oluşturmak amacıyla kelimenin bölünmesi.Bir kelime diğer kelimenin bir bölümüyle kafiyelidir.

e.g. eat, meeting(ikinci kelimedeki –ing alt satıra kaydırılır.Amaç eat ve meet kelimelerini kafiyeli göstermektir.)

Eye Rhyme:Sonları benzer kelimelerdir.Görsel algıyla kolay seçilir.

e.g. Lint, Pint, Sprint

Assonant Rhyme:Ünlü harfler aynı,ardından gelen ünsüzler farklıdır.

e.g.lamp-stand


Line:Mısra

Stanza:kıta

Couplet:Beyit

Quatrain:Dörtlük

Sestet:Altı mısralık kıta

Octave:  (octet-octastich) Sekiz mısardan oluşan kıta

Pun:Ses oyunu,kelime oyunu,nükteli söz.homophones  kullanılabilir
e.g. “atheism is a non-prophet [non-profit] organization.”

e.g. Great poetic works of literature have included puns as well.
Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line
“Thou hast not done, For I have more.”
Lewis Carroll’s Mad Hatter asked how a raven is like a writing desk, and answered with
“it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!” Obviously, the word “never” here is misspelled in order to appear as “raven” written backwards.
In his book Ulysses, the great Irish writer James Joyce included the brief poem,     
If you see kay      
Tell him he may      
See you in tea      
Tell him from me.

Kenning: Medieval ingilizcede iki ayrı sözcüğü birleştirerek benzetmeler yapılırdı. örneğin gözler için eyes demek yerine head jewels (başın mücevherleri) ya da beden için body yerine bone house (kemik evi) şeklinde süslemeler yapılırdı. aslında bir çeşit eğretileme olan bu bileşik sözcüklere kenning adı verilmektedir.

Eponym:Bir şeyin bir isimle anılması.

e.g. Achilles, Greek mythological character — Achilles' heelAchilles tendon

Bizdeki “Dukan dieti” gibi

Euphemism:Bir şeyin üstü örtülü olarak söylenmesi.Amaç daha nazik olmak.

Bizim “tuvalet” yerine”lavaboya gidiyorum “dememiz gibi.

Pastiche:Öykünme, muhtelif eserleri taklit edip hicvederek yapılan yeni çalışma

Extravaganza: Fantezi, zarif ve hayal gücüne dayanan müzik veya piyes.Serbest tarzda müzik, fantezi müzik, zengin dekorlu piyes



29 Haziran 2013 Cumartesi

Notes-2

alliteration
(ses yinelemesi)repetition at close intervals of initial consonant words
1.       E.g. Carrie's cat clawed her couch, creating chaos.
1.               Larry’s lizard likes leaping leopards.
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifassonance
*      (telaffuz benzerliği-yarım kafiye)  repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds
McCarthy's book, Outer Dark:
“And stepping softly with her air of blooded ruin about the glade in a frail agony of grace she trailed her rags through dust and ashes, circling the dead fire, the charred billets and chalk bones, the little calcined ribcage.”
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifconsonance
*       (Mısra sonundaki kafiye)   repetition at close intervals of final consonant sounds
*        "'T was later when the summer went
*        Than when the cricket came,
*        And yet we knew that gentle clock
*         Meant nought but going home
*        ..........................
*        Great, or good, or kind, or fair,
*        I will ne'er the more despair;
*         If she love me, this believe,
*         I will die ere she shall grieve
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifcacophony
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifAhenksiz ses, kulağa hoş gelmeyen ses
 harsh, non-melodic, unpleasant sounding arrangement of words
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves 
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; 
All mimsy were the borogoves, 
And the mome raths outgrabe.
...............
Arnold's lines "And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know,/Self-school'd,
self-scann'd, self-honor'd, self-secure,/Didst tread on earth unguess'd at."
I remember the neckcurls, limp and damp as tendrils

http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifeuphony
*        pleasant, easy to articulate words(ses ahengi)
*        Since then 'tis centuries, and yet, feels shorter than the day, I first surmised the horses heads were toward Eternity".
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifonomatopoeia
*        use of words which mimic their meaning in sound(yansıma)
"Onomatopoeia every time I see ya
My senses tell me hubba
And I just can't disagree.
I get a feeling in my heart that I can't describe. . .

It's sort of whack, whir, wheeze, whine
Sputter, splat, squirt, scrape
Clink, clank, clunk, clatter
Crash, bang, beep, buzz
Ring, rip, roar, retch
Twang, toot, tinkle, thud
Pop, plop, plunk, pow
Snort, snuck, sniff, smack
Screech, splash, squish, squeak
Jingle, rattle, squeal, boing
Honk, hoot, hack, belch."
(Todd Rundgren, "Onomatopoeia")
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifsibilance
*        hissing sounds represented by s, z, sh(ağız hareketi kaynaklı-ıslık gibi=)
·         Six sizzling sausages
·         Sing a Song of Sixpence
·         She sells sea shells on the sea shore
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifallegory
*        characters are symbols, has a moral(kinayeli hikaye-moby dick)
·         Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan
·         Moby Dick by Herman Melville
·         Animal Farm by George Orwell
·         Aesop’s Fables(İlk allegorik çalışma olarak bilinir.Hikayelerden oluşur)
·         Gulliver’s Travels-Jonathan Swift
·         The Faerie Queene –Edmund Spenser
·         Romeo&Juliet-Shakespeare
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifapostrophe
*        someone absent, dead, or imagianary, or an abstraction, is being addressed as if it could reply(Birine /birşeye seslenme)
§  "Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour" from the sonnet 'Milton' by William Wordsworth
*         
*        In the poem "The Rising Sun" by John Donne:
"Busy old fool, unruly Sun,
Why dost thou thus,
Through windows, and through curtains, call on us?"
Donne is personifing the Sun, and addressing it as if it could respond.

"You stupid chair!" 

Pretend you hit your toe on a chair. You are talking a non-living object. The definition of apostrophe is: A person not present that is spoken to. Now, a chair is not a person, but another definition just states that apostrophe is when you talk to something that is either not there, or not alive.
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifdidactic poetry
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifpoetry with the primary purpose of teaching or preaching
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifdramatic monologue
*        character "speaks" through the poem; a character study
*        It was developed during the Victorian period, in which a character in fiction or in history delivers a speech explaining his or her feelings, actions, or motives. The monologue is usually directed toward a silent audience, with the speaker's words influenced by a critical situation.
*        Örnek barındıran eserler:
*        My Last Duchess by Robert Browning
*        The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot
*        The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form Team by Carol Ann Duffy
*         Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath.

LUCIFER: A superior?! Superior?! 

No! By heaven, which he 
Holds, and the abyss, and the immensity 
Of worlds and life, which I hold with him—No! 
I have a Victor—true; but no superior. 
Homage he has from all—but none from me: 
I battle it against him, as I battled 
In highest Heaven—through all Eternity, 
And the unfathomable gulfs of Hades, 
And the interminable realms of space, 
And the infinity of endless ages, 
All, all, will I dispute! And world by world, 
And star by star, and universe by universe, 
Shall tremble in the balance, till the great 
Conflict shall cease, if ever it shall cease, 
Which it ne'er shall, till he or I be quenched! 
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifelegy(ağıt)
*        poem which expresses sorow over a death of someone for whom the poet cared, or on another solemn theme
*        “O captain!My Captain!”by Walt Whitman
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifsonnet
*        14 line poem, fixed rhyme scheme, fixed meter (usually 10 syllables per line)
*        Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 
Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 
And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; 
And every fair from fair sometime declines, 
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; 
But thy eternal summer shall not fade 
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; 
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 
When in eternal lines to time thou growest: 
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, 
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
*        Shakespeare
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifconnotation
*        what a word suggests beyond its surface definition(çağrışım/yan anlam)
*        E.g. snake:Evil or danger
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifdenotation
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifbasic definition or dictionary meaning of a word
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifdiction
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifchoice of words for effect(kelime seçimi-telaffuz)
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifsyntax
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifword order or grammatical appropriateness
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifblank verse
*        unrhymed iambic pentameter(kafiyesiz şiir)
*        From Romeo &Juliet
But soft! What light through yon-der win-dow breaks?
It is the East and Ju-liet is the sun!
A-rise fair sun and kill the en-vious moon,
Who is al-rea-dy sick and pale with grief
That though her maid art far more fair than she
*         
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifcaesura
*        a natural pause in the middle of a line, sometimes coinciding with punctuation
*        Tom o' Bedlam
*        From the hag and hungry goblin ||
*         that into rags would rend ye,
*         And the spirits that stand ||
*         by the naked man ||
*         in the Book of Moons, defend ye!"
*         Alexander Pope
*         "To err is human; || to forgive, divine." - See more at:
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifcouplet
*        two successive lines which rhyme, usually at the end of a work
*         
*        Shakespeare
·         "Blessed are you whose worthiness gives scope,
·         Being had, to triumph; being lacked, to hope."(herioc couplet-destansı)
·         aynı zamanda “iambic pentameter(beşi vurgulu, beşi vurgusuz 10 heceden oluşan dizelerde kullanılan ölçüye verilen ad)Shakespeare tarafından ünlenmiştir.
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifenjambment
*        describes a line of poetry in which the sense and grammatical construction continues on to the next line(bir dizeden diğerine düşüncenin devam etmesi)
*        From Romeo and Juliet  : 
A glooming peace this morning with it brings.
The sun for sorrow will not show his head.
Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things.
Some shall be pardon’d, and some punished.
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.giffeminine rhyme
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.giftwo syllables of first word rhyme with  two syllables of second word (ceiling -appealing)
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.giffree verse
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifno fixed meter or rhyme
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifiambic pentameter
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gif70% of verse is written this way; ten syllables per line, following an order of unaccented-accented syllables( beşi vurgulu, beşi vurgusuz 10 heceden oluşan dizelerde kullanılan ölçüye verilen ad)Shakespeare tarafından ünlenmiştir
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifinternal rhyme
*        repetition of sounds within a line (but not at the end of the line)
*        E.g. "The light of day, The bright of noon"
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifmasculine rhyme
*        final syllable of first word rhymes with final syllable of second word
*         (scald- recalled)
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifmeter
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifregularized rhythm of stressed and unstressed syllables; accents occur at approx. equal intervals of time
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifrefrain(nakarat)
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifrepeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines in a pattern
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifrhyme
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifrepetition of end sounds
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifrhythm
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifwave-like recurrence of sound
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifstanza
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gif(şiir kıtası)group of lines
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifstructure
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifinternal organization of a poem's content
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifallusion
*        a reference to something in literature of history(kinaye-ima)
·         It has rained so long, it seems as though it has rained for 40 days and nights. (This is reference to Noah's Arc which is a well-known event.)
·         To act or not to act, that was Maria's dilemma
·         Sue did not want to endure Eve's curse, so she opted for the epidural
·         The killer wore a mark of Cain as he stalked his brother - refering to the Bible story: Cain and Abel.
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifanaphora
*        repetition of the same word or words at the start of two or more lines
*        Artgönderim (Dilbilim) birbirini izleyen ifadelerin başında kelime veya ifade tekrarı (genellikle vurgulama için)
*        Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth
*        Five years have passed;
*         Five summers, with the length of
*        Five long winters! and again I hear these waters...
*         
*        Tears, Idle Tears by Lord Alfred Tennyson
*        Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean,
*        Tears from the depth of some divine despair
*         
*        Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare
*        "And do you now put on your best attire?
*        And do you now cull out a holiday?
*         And do you now strew flowers in his way
*        That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood? Be gone!"
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifarchetype
*        a character or personality type found in every society(prototip,ilk örnek,model)
*        Edebiyatta :Kendisine benzer şeylerin modellenmesinde kullanılan örnek.
*        E.g.Old wise man(bizdeki ak sakallı dede gibi)
*              Romeo ve Juliet(aynı kaderi paylaşan aşıkların benzetmesi)
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifconceit
*        an extended witty, paradoxical, or startling metaphor(garip fikir,fantazi)
*        "All the world's a stage, 
The men and women merely players; 
They have their exits and entrances." 
"As You Like It" by William Shakespeare
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifhyperbole
*        exaggeration, overstatement
E.g. I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
There are millions of other things to do.
      Running faster than the speed of light.
You could be Miss Universe.
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifimagery
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifrepresentation through language of a sensory experience(tasvir,benzetme)
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifirony
*        incongruity or discrepancy between the implied and expected; verbal, dramatic, situational
      E.g.a marriage counselor who is 3x divorced
a traffic reporter for radio and TV whose last name is "Carr"
a pharmacist who doesn't believe in taking medication
people who attend church services regularly but swear at someone who cuts them off in the parking lot
a note from your child's teacher that contains multiple spelling errors
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifmetaphor(mecaz)
*        implied or direct comparison
*        E.g.
Time is money 
*         Frozen with fear 
*        She/he spilled the beans
Sachin Tendulkar is GOD of Cricket World.
She has Heart of Stone.
All World is a stage.


*        * Her eyes are jewels sparkling in the sun.(Metaphor)
* Her eyes are as shiny as jewels in the sun.(Simile) 
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifmetonymy
*        symbolism; one thing is used as a substitute for another with which it is closely identified
E.g.the White House
Bush has bombed Afghanistan and Iraq.
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifmood
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifthe atmosphere suggested by the structure and style of the poem
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifoxymoron
*        compact paradoxl two successive words contradict each other(sözleri ters kullanarak anlamı kuvvetlendirme)-öldürücü şefkat
*        E.g.a little big-a new classic-advanced beginner-American English
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifpace
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.giftempo or rate implied by the structure and style of the poem
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifparadox
*        statement or situation containing seemingly contradictory elements
*        E.g. "I must be cruel to be kind". Shakespeare in Hamlet
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifparallelism
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifpresents coordinating ideas in a coordinating manner
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifpersona
*        assumed speaker of the poem; typically used synonymously with 'speaker'
*        (Kimin ağzından anlatılıyorsa o kişi)Persona of a poem denildiği gibi Voice of a poem de denir)
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifpersonification
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifgiving a non-human the characteristics of a human
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifsimile
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifcomparison using 'like' or 'as'
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifstyle
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifan author's combined use of these ideas into a recurring pattern of usage
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifsymbolism
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifsomething (object, person, situation, etc.) means more than what it is
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifsynecdoche
*        symbolism; the part signifies the whole, or the whole the part
*        Bir kavramı daha dar veya daha geniş anlamda başka bir kavramla ifade etme usulü 
*        E.g. All hands on board !
"Friends, Romans, countrymen: lend me your ears" by William Shakespeare
"Prepar'd to scrub the entry and the stairs.
The youth with broomy stumps began to trace"
From 'A Description of the Morning' by Jonathan Swift (Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost where the journey through woods and forests  in the poem represent life's journey.
§  I should have been a pair of ragged claws
Scuttling across the floors of silent seas.
T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" by T. S. Eliot
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.giftheme
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifcentral idea
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.giftone
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifwriter's attitude toward the audience or subject, implied or related directly
http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.Thhr.gifunderstatement
*        saying less than one means, for effect(olduğundan az,küçük gösterme)
*        Saying "We've had a little rain," when the neighborhood is flooded. 

Saying "It's just a scratch," when there is a huge dent.

Action: Everything that happens in a story.

Antagonist: The person or force that works against the hero of the story.
                   E.g.Joker(kötü adam) in Batman(iyi adam-Protagonist)

Character: One of the people (or animals) in a story.

Climax: The high point in the action of a story.( herhangi bir edebi eserde olay akışının zirveye ulaştığı en duygu dolu an. genelde öykünün sonlarına doğru varılır, bundan falling action ve  resolutiona bağlanır.)

Conflict: A problem or struggle between two opposing forces in a story. There are four basic conflicts:

 Person Against Person: A problem between characters.
 Person Against Self: A problem within a character’s own mind.
 Person Against Society: A problem between a character and society, school, the law, or some tradition.
 Person Against Nature: A problem between a character and some element of nature-a blizzard, a hurricane, a mountain climb, etc.

Dialogue: The conversations that characters have with one another.

Exposition: (Hikayenin başında kişi ve ortamın genel tasvirinin yapıldığı bölüm)The part of the story, usually near the beginning, in which the characters are introduced, the background is explained, and the setting is described.

Falling Action: The action and dialogue following the climax that lead the reader into the story’s end.

Mood: (Uyandırılmak istenen his,atmosfer)The feeling a piece of literature is intended to create in a reader.

Moral: The lesson a story teaches.

Narrator: Anlatıcı.The person or character who actually tells the story, filling in the background information and bridging the gaps between dialogue.

Plot: (Romanın konusu)The action that makes up the story, following a plan called the plot line.

Plot line: (Konu sıralaması)The planned action or series of events in a story. There are five parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Protagonist: The main character in a story, often a good or heroic type.(Batman(good man) versus Joker(bad man))

Resolution: The part of the story in which the problems are solved and the action comes to a satisfying end.

Rising Action: The central part of the story during which various problems arise after a conflict is introduced.

Setting: The place and the time frame in which a story takes place.

Style: The distinctive way that a writer uses language including such factors as word choice, sentence length, arrangement, and complexity, and the use of figurative language and imagery.

Theme: (konu-tema)The message about life or human nature that is “the focus” in the story that the writer tells.

Dialect: (lehçe,ağız)Speech that reflects pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar typical of a geographical region.

Figurative Language:(Değişmeceli Dil-Bazı söz sanatlarını kapsar.
There are seven categories of figurative language. They areImagery-Simile-Metaphor-Alliteration-Personification-Onomatopoeia-Hyperbole
 Language that has meaning beyond the literal meaning; also known as “figures of speech.”

Personification: (Kişileştirme)human qualities attributed to an animal, object, or idea, e.g. “The wind exhaled.”

Flashback: (
Geçmişi gösteren sahne, geriye dönüş) Interruption of the chronological (time) order to present something that occurred before the beginning of the story.

Foreshadowing: (önceden göstermek, belirtisi olmak- düğünden sonra ölecek bir gelinin gelinliğine şarap dökülmesi gibi) Important hints that an author drops to prepare the reader for what is to come, and help the reader anticipate the outcome.

Humor: The quality of a literary or informative work that makes the character and/or situations seem funny, amusing, or ludicrous.

Imagery: Words or phrases that appeal to the reader’s senses.


Point of View: Perspective from which the story is told.

 First-person: narrator is a character in the story; uses “I,” “we,” etc.
 Third-person: narrator outside the story; uses “he,” “she,” “they”
 Third-person limited: narrator tells only what one character perceives
 Third-person omniscient: narrator can see into the minds of all characters.

Satire: Hiciv ( Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal.” Swift recommends eating Ireland’s urban poor children to prevent them from being a social strain. ) Writing that comments humorously on human flaws, ideas, social customs, or institutions in order to change them.

Style: The distinctive way that a writer uses language including such factors as word choice, sentence length, arrangement, and complexity, and the use of figurative language and imagery.

Suspense: A feeling of excitement, curiosity, or expectation about what will happen.

Symbol: Person, place, or thing that represents something beyond itself, most often something concrete or tangible that represents an abstract idea.