Notes-2

alliteration	(ses yinelemesi)repetition at close intervals of initial consonant words 1.       E.g. Carrie's cat clawed her couch, creating chaos. 1.               Larry’s lizard likes leaping leopards.
assonance	(telaffuz benzerliği-yarım kafiye)  repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds McCarthy's book, Outer Dark: “And stepping softly with her air of blooded ruin about the glade in a frail agony of grace she trailed her rags through dust and ashes, circling the dead fire, the charred billets and chalk bones, the little calcined ribcage.”
consonance	(Mısra sonundaki kafiye)   repetition at close intervals of final consonant sounds         "'T was later when the summer went         Than when the cricket came,         And yet we knew that gentle clock          Meant nought but going home         ..........................         Great, or good, or kind, or fair,         I will ne'er the more despair;          If she love me, this believe,          I will die ere she shall grieve
cacophony	Ahenksiz ses, kulağa hoş gelmeyen ses  harsh, non-melodic, unpleasant sounding arrangement of words 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves  Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;  All mimsy were the borogoves,  And the mome raths outgrabe. ............... Arnold's lines "And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know,/Self-school'd, self-scann'd, self-honor'd, self-secure,/Didst tread on earth unguess'd at." I remember the neckcurls, limp and damp as tendrils
euphony	pleasant, easy to articulate words(ses ahengi)         Since then 'tis centuries, and yet, feels shorter than the day, I first surmised the horses heads were toward Eternity".
onomatopoeia	use of words which mimic their meaning in sound(yansıma) "Onomatopoeia every time I see ya My senses tell me hubba And I just can't disagree. I get a feeling in my heart that I can't describe. . . It's sort of whack, whir, wheeze, whine Sputter, splat, squirt, scrape Clink, clank, clunk, clatter Crash, bang, beep, buzz Ring, rip, roar, retch Twang, toot, tinkle, thud Pop, plop, plunk, pow Snort, snuck, sniff, smack Screech, splash, squish, squeak Jingle, rattle, squeal, boing Honk, hoot, hack, belch." (Todd Rundgren, "Onomatopoeia")
sibilance	hissing sounds represented by s, z, sh(ağız hareketi kaynaklı-ıslık gibi=) ·         Six sizzling sausages ·         Sing a Song of Sixpence ·         She sells sea shells on the sea shore
allegory	characters are symbols, has a moral(kinayeli hikaye-moby dick) ·         Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan ·         Moby Dick by Herman Melville ·         Animal Farm by George Orwell ·         Aesop’s Fables(İlk allegorik çalışma olarak bilinir.Hikayelerden oluşur) ·         Gulliver’s Travels-Jonathan Swift ·         The Faerie Queene –Edmund Spenser ·         Romeo&Juliet-Shakespeare
apostrophe	someone absent, dead, or imagianary, or an abstraction, is being addressed as if it could reply(Birine /birşeye seslenme) §  "Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour" from the sonnet 'Milton' by William Wordsworth                   In the poem "The Rising Sun" by John Donne: "Busy old fool, unruly Sun, Why dost thou thus, Through windows, and through curtains, call on us?" Donne is personifing the Sun, and addressing it as if it could respond. "You stupid chair!"  Pretend you hit your toe on a chair. You are talking a non-living object. The definition of apostrophe is: A person not present that is spoken to. Now, a chair is not a person, but another definition just states that apostrophe is when you talk to something that is either not there, or not alive.
didactic poetry	poetry with the primary purpose of teaching or preaching
dramatic monologue	character "speaks" through the poem; a character study         It was developed during the Victorian period, in which a character in fiction or in history delivers a speech explaining his or her feelings, actions, or motives. The monologue is usually directed toward a silent audience, with the speaker's words influenced by a critical situation.         Örnek barındıran eserler:         My Last Duchess by Robert Browning         The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot         The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form Team by Carol Ann Duffy          Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath. LUCIFER: A superior?! Superior?!  No! By heaven, which he  Holds, and the abyss, and the immensity  Of worlds and life, which I hold with him—No!  I have a Victor—true; but no superior.  Homage he has from all—but none from me:  I battle it against him, as I battled  In highest Heaven—through all Eternity,  And the unfathomable gulfs of Hades,  And the interminable realms of space,  And the infinity of endless ages,  All, all, will I dispute! And world by world,  And star by star, and universe by universe,  Shall tremble in the balance, till the great  Conflict shall cease, if ever it shall cease,  Which it ne'er shall, till he or I be quenched!
elegy(ağıt)	poem which expresses sorow over a death of someone for whom the poet cared, or on another solemn theme         “O captain!My Captain!”by Walt Whitman
sonnet	14 line poem, fixed rhyme scheme, fixed meter (usually 10 syllables per line)         Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?  Thou art more lovely and more temperate:  Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,  And summer's lease hath all too short a date:  Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,  And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;  And every fair from fair sometime declines,  By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;  But thy eternal summer shall not fade  Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;  Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,  When in eternal lines to time thou growest:  So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,  So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.         Shakespeare
connotation	what a word suggests beyond its surface definition(çağrışım/yan anlam)         E.g. snake:Evil or danger
denotation	basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word
diction	choice of words for effect(kelime seçimi-telaffuz)
syntax	word order or grammatical appropriateness
blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter(kafiyesiz şiir)         From Romeo &Juliet But soft! What light through yon-der win-dow breaks? It is the East and Ju-liet is the sun! A-rise fair sun and kill the en-vious moon, Who is al-rea-dy sick and pale with grief That though her maid art far more fair than she
caesura	a natural pause in the middle of a line, sometimes coinciding with punctuation         Tom o' Bedlam         From the hag and hungry goblin ||          that into rags would rend ye,          And the spirits that stand ||          by the naked man ||          in the Book of Moons, defend ye!"          Alexander Pope          "To err is human; || to forgive, divine." - See more at:
couplet	two successive lines which rhyme, usually at the end of a work                   Shakespeare ·         "Blessed are you whose worthiness gives scope, ·         Being had, to triumph; being lacked, to hope."(herioc couplet-destansı) ·         aynı zamanda “iambic pentameter(beşi vurgulu, beşi vurgusuz 10 heceden oluşan dizelerde kullanılan ölçüye verilen ad)Shakespeare tarafından ünlenmiştir.
enjambment	describes a line of poetry in which the sense and grammatical construction continues on to the next line(bir dizeden diğerine düşüncenin devam etmesi)         From Romeo and Juliet  :  A glooming peace this morning with it brings. The sun for sorrow will not show his head. Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things. Some shall be pardon’d, and some punished.
feminine rhyme	two syllables of first word rhyme with  two syllables of second word (ceiling -appealing)
free verse	no fixed meter or rhyme
iambic pentameter	70% of verse is written this way; ten syllables per line, following an order of unaccented-accented syllables( beşi vurgulu, beşi vurgusuz 10 heceden oluşan dizelerde kullanılan ölçüye verilen ad)Shakespeare tarafından ünlenmiştir
internal rhyme	repetition of sounds within a line (but not at the end of the line)         E.g. "The light of day, The bright of noon"
masculine rhyme	final syllable of first word rhymes with final syllable of second word          (scald- recalled)
meter	regularized rhythm of stressed and unstressed syllables; accents occur at approx. equal intervals of time
refrain(nakarat)	repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines in a pattern
rhyme	repetition of end sounds
rhythm	wave-like recurrence of sound
stanza	(şiir kıtası)group of lines
structure	internal organization of a poem's content
allusion	a reference to something in literature of history(kinaye-ima) ·         It has rained so long, it seems as though it has rained for 40 days and nights. (This is reference to Noah's Arc which is a well-known event.) ·         To act or not to act, that was Maria's dilemma ·         Sue did not want to endure Eve's curse, so she opted for the epidural ·         The killer wore a mark of Cain as he stalked his brother - refering to the Bible story: Cain and Abel.
anaphora	repetition of the same word or words at the start of two or more lines         Artgönderim (Dilbilim) birbirini izleyen ifadelerin başında kelime veya ifade tekrarı (genellikle vurgulama için)         Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth         Five years have passed;          Five summers, with the length of         Five long winters! and again I hear these waters...                   Tears, Idle Tears by Lord Alfred Tennyson         Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean,         Tears from the depth of some divine despair                   Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare         "And do you now put on your best attire?         And do you now cull out a holiday?          And do you now strew flowers in his way         That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood? Be gone!"
archetype	a character or personality type found in every society(prototip,ilk örnek,model)         Edebiyatta :Kendisine benzer şeylerin modellenmesinde kullanılan örnek.         E.g.Old wise man(bizdeki ak sakallı dede gibi)               Romeo ve Juliet(aynı kaderi paylaşan aşıkların benzetmesi)
conceit	an extended witty, paradoxical, or startling metaphor(garip fikir,fantazi)         "All the world's a stage,  The men and women merely players;  They have their exits and entrances."  "As You Like It" by William Shakespeare
hyperbole	exaggeration, overstatement E.g. I am so hungry I could eat a horse. There are millions of other things to do.       Running faster than the speed of light. You could be Miss Universe.
imagery	representation through language of a sensory experience(tasvir,benzetme)
irony	incongruity or discrepancy between the implied and expected; verbal, dramatic, situational       E.g.a marriage counselor who is 3x divorced a traffic reporter for radio and TV whose last name is "Carr" a pharmacist who doesn't believe in taking medication people who attend church services regularly but swear at someone who cuts them off in the parking lot a note from your child's teacher that contains multiple spelling errors
metaphor(mecaz)	implied or direct comparison         E.g. Time is money           Frozen with fear          She/he spilled the beans Sachin Tendulkar is GOD of Cricket World. She has Heart of Stone. All World is a stage. Examples of Metaphor and Simile:          * Her eyes are jewels sparkling in the sun.(Metaphor) * Her eyes are as shiny as jewels in the sun.(Simile)
metonymy	symbolism; one thing is used as a substitute for another with which it is closely identified E.g.the White House Bush has bombed Afghanistan and Iraq.
mood	the atmosphere suggested by the structure and style of the poem
oxymoron	compact paradoxl two successive words contradict each other(sözleri ters kullanarak anlamı kuvvetlendirme)-öldürücü şefkat         E.g.a little big-a new classic-advanced beginner-American English
pace	tempo or rate implied by the structure and style of the poem
paradox	statement or situation containing seemingly contradictory elements         E.g. "I must be cruel to be kind". Shakespeare in Hamlet
parallelism	presents coordinating ideas in a coordinating manner
persona	assumed speaker of the poem; typically used synonymously with 'speaker'         (Kimin ağzından anlatılıyorsa o kişi)Persona of a poem denildiği gibi Voice of a poem de denir)
personification	giving a non-human the characteristics of a human
simile	comparison using 'like' or 'as'
style	an author's combined use of these ideas into a recurring pattern of usage
symbolism	something (object, person, situation, etc.) means more than what it is
synecdoche	symbolism; the part signifies the whole, or the whole the part         Bir kavramı daha dar veya daha geniş anlamda başka bir kavramla ifade etme usulü          E.g. All hands on board ! "Friends, Romans, countrymen: lend me your ears" by William Shakespeare "Prepar'd to scrub the entry and the stairs. The youth with broomy stumps began to trace" From 'A Description of the Morning' by Jonathan Swift (Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost where the journey through woods and forests  in the poem represent life's journey. §  I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas. T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" by T. S. Eliot
theme	central idea
tone	writer's attitude toward the audience or subject, implied or related directly
understatement	saying less than one means, for effect(olduğundan az,küçük gösterme)         Saying "We've had a little rain," when the neighborhood is flooded.  Saying "It's just a scratch," when there is a huge dent.

Action: Everything that happens in a story.

Antagonist: The person or force that works against the hero of the story.

                   E.g.Joker(kötü adam) in Batman(iyi adam-Protagonist)

Character: One of the people (or animals) in a story.

Climax: The high point in the action of a story.( herhangi bir edebi eserde olay akışının zirveye ulaştığı en duygu dolu an. genelde öykünün sonlarına doğru varılır, bundan falling action ve  resolutiona bağlanır.)

Conflict: A problem or struggle between two opposing forces in a story. There are four basic conflicts:

• Person Against Person: A problem between characters.
• Person Against Self: A problem within a character’s own mind.
• Person Against Society: A problem between a character and society, school, the law, or some tradition.
• Person Against Nature: A problem between a character and some element of nature-a blizzard, a hurricane, a mountain climb, etc.

Dialogue: The conversations that characters have with one another.

Exposition: (Hikayenin başında kişi ve ortamın genel tasvirinin yapıldığı bölüm)The part of the story, usually near the beginning, in which the characters are introduced, the background is explained, and the setting is described.

Falling Action: The action and dialogue following the climax that lead the reader into the story’s end.

Mood: (Uyandırılmak istenen his,atmosfer)The feeling a piece of literature is intended to create in a reader.

Moral: The lesson a story teaches.

Narrator: Anlatıcı.The person or character who actually tells the story, filling in the background information and bridging the gaps between dialogue.

Plot: (Romanın konusu)The action that makes up the story, following a plan called the plot line.

Plot line: (Konu sıralaması)The planned action or series of events in a story. There are five parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Protagonist: The main character in a story, often a good or heroic type.(Batman(good man) versus Joker(bad man))

Resolution: The part of the story in which the problems are solved and the action comes to a satisfying end.

Rising Action: The central part of the story during which various problems arise after a conflict is introduced.

Setting: The place and the time frame in which a story takes place.

Style: The distinctive way that a writer uses language including such factors as word choice, sentence length, arrangement, and complexity, and the use of figurative language and imagery.

Theme: (konu-tema)The message about life or human nature that is “the focus” in the story that the writer tells.

Dialect: (lehçe,ağız)Speech that reflects pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar typical of a geographical region.

Figurative Language:(Değişmeceli Dil-Bazı söz sanatlarını kapsar.There are seven categories of figurative language. They are: Imagery-Simile-Metaphor-Alliteration-Personification-Onomatopoeia-Hyperbole

 Language that has meaning beyond the literal meaning; also known as “figures of speech.”

Personification: (Kişileştirme)human qualities attributed to an animal, object, or idea, e.g. “The wind exhaled.”

Flashback: (Geçmişi gösteren sahne, geriye dönüş) Interruption of the chronological (time) order to present something that occurred before the beginning of the story.

Foreshadowing: (önceden göstermek, belirtisi olmak- düğünden sonra ölecek bir gelinin gelinliğine şarap dökülmesi gibi) Important hints that an author drops to prepare the reader for what is to come, and help the reader anticipate the outcome.

Humor: The quality of a literary or informative work that makes the character and/or situations seem funny, amusing, or ludicrous.

Imagery: Words or phrases that appeal to the reader’s senses.


Point of View: Perspective from which the story is told.

• First-person: narrator is a character in the story; uses “I,” “we,” etc.
• Third-person: narrator outside the story; uses “he,” “she,” “they”
• Third-person limited: narrator tells only what one character perceives
• Third-person omniscient: narrator can see into the minds of all characters.

Satire: Hiciv ( Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal.” Swift recommends eating Ireland’s urban poor children to prevent them from being a social strain. ) Writing that comments humorously on human flaws, ideas, social customs, or institutions in order to change them.

Style: The distinctive way that a writer uses language including such factors as word choice, sentence length, arrangement, and complexity, and the use of figurative language and imagery.

Suspense: A feeling of excitement, curiosity, or expectation about what will happen.

Symbol: Person, place, or thing that represents something beyond itself, most often something concrete or tangible that represents an abstract idea.